1 selection and processing of raw materials xWW China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

1.1 Selection of feed ingredients: The first measure to optimize feed costs should be the correct selection and use of feed ingredients. The price of feed ingredients is not the main choice, but the use value of feed ingredients. Taking the most common soybean meal in feed as an example, many of our feed companies choose 43% protein soy meal in broiler formula and think that 43% protein is cheaper. However, we have neglected several important factors: First, the main difference between 43% protein soy and 46% protein soybean meal is the difference in the content of soybean hull, which is difficult to be digested by poultry, while the content of soybean meal is contained. Very high mannan, affecting the intestinal absorption of glucose. The digestibility of 46% protein soybean meal is higher than 43% peptone, and the formulation space is saved in the formulation. However, the difference between the two types of soybean meal is only 150 yuan / ton. In the broiler feed formula, the recipe system automatically selects 46% protein of soybean meal, and we only purchase 43% of the soybean meal. This invisibly increases feed costs while reducing the quality of the feed. Therefore, in some large feed enterprises, only high-protein soybean meal can be used in the diet of growth and finishing animals such as broilers. The choice of cotton aphid is the same. It is recommended to use high-protein cotton aphid, because the difference between low-protein cotton aphid and high-protein cotton aphid is more cotton lint and cotton crust. Cotton lint and cotton crust only affect the digestibility of feed protein. . xWW China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

Of course, the choice of feed ingredients should also consider the effective energy value of feed ingredients, anti-nutritional factors in feed and other indicators. xWW China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

1. 2 Processing of raw materials: The purpose of feed raw material processing is to eliminate the effects of some unfavorable factors on the animals and improve feed quality and feed safety. Correctly, the processing and storage of feed ingredients can also reduce the cost of feed for enterprises. The commonly used feed ingredients are mainly processed as follows: xWW China Feed Industry Information Network - Based on feed, serving animal husbandry

Screening and clearing of corn: Corn is the most commonly used raw material in feed. The content of impurities and mycotoxins in corn will affect the digestibility of feed nutrients. In the process of harvesting and drying, corn will contain more impurities such as dust, stones, corn husks, etc. These impurities do not contribute to the nutrition of the feed, and the mycotoxin content is high. These impurities can be removed by sieving and cleaning before entering the warehouse, and the broken grains and mildew granules in the corn are also removed, which effectively reduces the content of mycotoxins in the corn and improves the quality of the feed. xWW China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

Soybean puffing: The price of fats and oils has been at a very high level recently. The cost of adding fats to broiler feeds is high, and there is a risk of fat oxidation using low-priced feed blends. However, the use of puffed whole-fat soybeans not only provides high-quality protein, but also provides high fat with a metabolizable energy of up to 3700 kcal/kg. The oil of the puffed soybean is fresh, and the puffed soybean has a special aroma, which can improve the palatability of the animal. If the feed company has puffed soybean conditions, it can save costs from the perspective of formula cost. xWW China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

2 optimization and micro-preparation of feed formula xWW China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

2.1 Optimization of feed formula In the process of technical service, I noticed that some companies have not fully utilized the advantages of feed formula software to optimize feed formula. Many colleagues still use Excel spreadsheets to calculate formulas. Although this method is convenient for a single material formulation, these methods cannot be linearly calculated. Perhaps the difference in formula cost between linear calculation and hand calculation is only 5-10 yuan/ton. However, the profit of poultry feed is very small, 5-10 yuan is already a big number for a feed mill with a monthly output of 5,000 tons. When I helped some small feed companies adjust their formulas, they often found that they should increase the amount of soybean meal and crystal amino acid added at the same cost, but these companies use low-priced chowder, they think that they use low-cost raw materials. It will be cheaper, but it will not, but it will reduce the quality of the feed. Therefore, the scientific use of feed formula software, timely adjustment and management of the database is extremely important for optimizing the formulation of poultry feed. xWW China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

2.2 The micro-preparation of feed formula Many people believe that the feed formula is stable and the feed is stable. It can be said that this is a wrong view, because the source of feed ingredients and nutritional indicators are changing, and the feed price is also changing. If the corn moisture purchased in different seasons is different, the metabolic energy value is different, and if the formula ratio does not change, the feed quality changes. The correct method is: every week (according to the change cycle of raw materials), according to the moisture, protein, ash, fiber and other indicators of each batch of feed ingredients, adjust the raw material database, in order to ensure the original nutritional value of feed and the appearance of feed and other factors Fine-tuning the recipe. This kind of feed is more stable in quality and effect. xWW China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

3 correct use of enzyme preparations to reduce feed costs xWW China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, service animal husbandry

Due to the relative development of digestive system in young animals and the lack of digestive enzyme secretion, as well as the limitations of animal intestinal digestive enzyme function, animals have limited ability to digest nutrients in feed, and some anti-nutritional factors in feed also affect animals. Digestion and absorption of nutrients, such as non-starch polysaccharides and phytic acid. A large number of studies and practices have proved that the addition of effective enzyme preparations in feed can help animals to improve digestibility and reduce the effects of anti-nutritional factors such as non-starch polysaccharides on animals. Feed enzyme preparations have been widely used in the feed industry. However, due to the chaos in the market for feed enzyme preparations, many feed companies do not use enzyme preparations properly, especially non-starch polysaccharide enzymes. Some companies add enzyme preparations to improve product quality. The way to add them is often extra, and the amount added is only half or even less than the recommended dose. This type of use can only increase feed costs and does not bring benefits to the company. The correct method of using the enzyme preparation is to determine the amount of the enzyme preparation according to the content of the feed substrate, and to increase the digestibility of the feed by the addition of the enzyme preparation, thereby reducing the feed cost. We can help companies reduce costs through the scientific use of the following enzymes. xWW China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

3.1 Scientific use of non-starch polysaccharide enzyme to reduce feed cost xWW China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, service animal husbandry

Commonly used feed ingredients contain a certain amount of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), such as soybean meal contains nearly 29%, bran up to 35%, and our commonly used corn also contains nearly 8.0% of non-starch polysaccharides. The content of non-starch polysaccharides in feed ingredients is shown in Table 1: xWW China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

3.1.1 Anti-nutritional effects of non-starch polysaccharides xWW China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving livestock

Since non-starch polysaccharide enzymes produce strong viscosity in the intestine, this viscous effect leads to an increase in the viscosity of the chyme and a barrier to digestion and absorption, but the animal itself cannot secrete non-starch polysaccharide enzymes, so the non-starch polysaccharide becomes a feed. An important class of anti-nutritional factors. Among them, mannan in raw materials such as soybean meal not only increases the viscosity of digestive tract chyme, but also blocks the secretion of IGF-1 (Nuneand malmhof, 1992), affecting insulin secretion (Nuneand malmhof, 1992), reducing glucose absorption rate ( Rainbird et al. 1984), reducing nitrogen retention (Kratzer et al. 1967), prolonging the emptying time of restaurants (Rainbird & Low, 1986), reducing amino acid intake (Elsenbans et. al., 1980), can be reduced The absorption of water leads to an increase in the moisture content of the feces (Kratzerr et al., 1967). Rainbird et al (1984) demonstrated the serious effect of mannan on the absorption of glucose, maltose and water in pig small intestine. In this experiment, about 30 kg of pigs with 5 ileostomy were infused with glucose solution and maltose in the small intestine. The aqueous solution was collected at the end to determine the effect of mannan on glucose, maltose and water absorption in the small intestine. The results are shown in Table 2 and Table 3. These studies show that we must design animal feed formulations and use non-starch polysaccharide enzymes. Consider the effect of mannan on energy digestion and utilization of animals. xWW China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

3.1.2 Proper application of non-starch polysaccharides in poultry feed xWW China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving livestock

3.1.2.1 An effective non-starch polysaccharide enzyme should release the corresponding energy: xWW China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

The content of dry matter in the intestines of poultry is high, so the viscous effect of non-starch polysaccharides has a greater impact on poultry, especially broilers and laying hens. The addition of non-starch polysaccharide enzymes to poultry feed not only reduces the viscosity of intestinal chyme, increases the digestibility of nutrients, but also utilizes some non-starch polysaccharides. Therefore, the addition of non-starch polysaccharides to poultry feed can Release the corresponding energy. My nearly two years of experimental research has also shown that an effective non-starch polysaccharide enzyme can release the corresponding energy. The experiment of Huadu Broiler Company also confirmed this (experimental report can be found in this issue). Based on the current feed ingredient price, if 500g/ton of non-starch polysaccharide enzyme is added to the broiler feed, the metabolic energy of 50kcal/kg can be reduced, and the company can save nearly 30 yuan per ton of feed, while the production performance remains unchanged. There are many studies on the energy released by non-starch polysaccharides, and most studies have proved that non-starch polysaccharides are effective (Tan Quan 2007; Zhang Niya 2003; He Lixia 2006). xWW China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

3.1.2.2 should be based on the content of non-starch polysaccharide substrate in the feed to add the corresponding amount of non-starch polysaccharide enzyme xWW China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, service animal husbandry

Different feed formulations have different content of non-starch polysaccharides. Non-starch polysaccharides and non-starch polysaccharides have a certain dose correspondence. It is necessary to add corresponding active non-starch polysaccharides according to the content of non-starch polysaccharides to solve the corresponding problems and release. Corresponding energy. Novus has developed a calculation software for the non-starch polysaccharide content of different animal diets and the non-starch polysaccharide enzyme enzyme CSM, which helps customers correctly calculate the main non-starch polysaccharides in the feed formulation, and The content of starch polysaccharide was used to calculate the optimum amount of CSM (see Figure 1). xWW China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

3.1.3 Non-starch polysaccharides after wheat replacement of corn and precautions xWW China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, service animal husbandry

The current price of wheat is far lower than the price of corn. Correct use of wheat instead of corn can save the company a lot of cost, but after wheat replaces corn, the viscosity effect of water-soluble xylan in wheat will affect the intestines of animals. The way to improve production performance is to reduce the production performance. The solution to this problem is to add xylanase to the feed. The most important non-starch polysaccharides in wheat-bean meal-type diets for general poultry are xylan and mannan, so these two enzymes need to be considered when selecting non-starch polysaccharide enzymes. Of course, in poultry diets, the following details should be noted when replacing corn: xWW China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving livestock

Do not use new wheat, because the new wheat also has an internal enzymatic ripening process. The new wheat has higher resistant starch content and is not suitable for addition in the feed. Wheat can be used for 2 months after harvest. xWW China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

Do not crush, crush or crush the wheat. The smashed wheat is too viscous and will increase the viscosity of the intestinal tract. In the feed mill, the sieve hole can be used with 3.0. xWW China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

In the feed of chickens, the recommended amount of wheat should not exceed 2%, and the size of ducklings should not exceed 30%. Because the intestinal development of young animals is not yet mature. Do not feed more than 50% of the medium-sized chicken feed, and do not exceed 60% of the medium-sized duck. A moderate amount of corn has the effect of lowering the viscosity of the wheat. xWW China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

After the addition of wheat, it is recommended to use the special enzyme CSM-18 of Noviès wheat and soybean meal, the amount of addition needs to be calculated by Noviès non-starch polysaccharide enzyme software, and the metabolic energy can be reduced by 50kcal/kg. xWW China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

3.2 Correct use of phytase to reduce feed costs xWW China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, service animal husbandry

Phytase has been widely used in feed, adding phytase instead of calcium hydrogen phosphate can reduce the feed cost by about 10 yuan, but you must pay attention to several aspects when using phytase: xWW China Feed Industry Information Network -Based on feed, serving livestock

1) Focus on the activity of phytase: xWW China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

For some low-cost powdered phytase, attention should be paid to the quality of phytase, because phytase fermentation requires a certain cost, plus sales and other costs, the price is too low and often insufficient activity. However, the previous research by Novus found that the mild deficiency of effective phosphorus in broiler chickens does not cause leg spasms, but it will affect the animal's production performance. Therefore, it is not necessary to judge the quality of phytase by the phenomenon of phosphorus deficiency in animals. xWW China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

2) Several problems in the use of liquid phytase: xWW China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

Some feed enterprises choose to spray liquid phytase. Liquid phytase is more cost-effective, but it needs to pay attention to the following aspects during use: xWW China Feed Industry Information Network - Based on feed, serving animal husbandry

Particle quality: Liquid phytase is sprayed onto the surface of the feed pellets, but during the process of packing, transportation, etc., the mutual friction between the feed pellets will cause the surface phytase to fall off into the powder, while the broiler rarely consumes the powder. This leads to waste. xWW China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

Thermal stability: Liquid phytase is not resistant to high temperatures, but the feed produced needs to be stored and transported. The feed bag is a sealed internal environment, a bit like in our car. When the temperature reaches 35 °C, the temperature inside the car Will reach 45 ° C, in the southern region, high temperature and high humidity season, the high temperature performance of liquid phytase needs to draw our attention. In 2010, Novus International and the Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Center (MAFIC) measured the distribution of liquid post-spray phytase in pellet feed and feed powder, and the post-spray phytase resistance to extreme weather in pellet feed. performance. The experimental pellet feed sample was collected in the post spray port, and the powder sample was collected from the feed powder separated from the feed bag. The measurement results showed that the phytase activity in the feed powder was about 10 times that in the granules (see Table 4). xWW China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

In order to detect whether the sprayed phytase has the ability to withstand high temperature and high humidity weather, the post-sprayed pellets are placed in a constant temperature and humidity incubator, and the enzyme activity is measured before and after the relative humidity of 75% and the temperature of 45 ° C for 3 days. As a result, it was found that the enzyme activity in the pellets was lost more than half after storage for 3 days (the results are shown in Table 5). The results of this measurement indicate that the ability of post-spray phytase to withstand high temperature and high humidity weather is not strong, so users should reduce the storage time or increase the amount of addition when using such products. Chicks are very sensitive to phosphorus deficiency, which will affect the development of internal organs and later growth. However, the broken material used by chickens has a small feed intake, and the uniformity of post-spraying is not good, which may lead to effective phosphorus in chickens. The lack of it is recommended to use high temperature powdered phytase in the chicken stage. xWW China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

3.3 Add protease to improve feed protein digestibility xWW China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, service animal husbandry

Protein and digestible amino acid concentrations are the most important nutrients to be considered in poultry diets. They are also one of the most costly nutrients. When designing broiler diets, in order to meet protein and amino acid needs, when there is no space to add other energy feeds in the formula. High-energy oils are often used as a source of energy, resulting in an increase in feed formulation costs. Many studies have shown that high-protein diets are sometimes not well digested and absorbed by broilers. A few high-quality protein sources such as fishmeal have higher digestibility, and the overall digestibility of soybean meal, which is widely used in broiler feed, is only 80%. About 0.01%, while the protein digestibility of cotton aphid, rapeseed and other hybrids is relatively low, generally below 75%. These undigestible proteins are discharged with the chyme to the hindgut of the digestive tract, leading to bacterial proliferation in the hindgut. It seriously affects the intestinal health of broilers. At the same time, the high protein content of the feces can lead to an increase in the concentration of harmful gases in the farm, invading the respiratory system of broilers, and inducing respiratory diseases. Proteins that are not easily digested in feed are often macromolecular proteins with complex structures that are disulfide-bonded, and endogenous proteases are difficult to degrade these proteins. Novus's research shows that the addition of broad-spectrum protease DP100 to feed can significantly increase the protein digestibility of animals. By adding protease DP100, the feed crude protein and amino acid can be reduced by 10-7.5%, which can save feed cost and improve production performance. A large number of studies have confirmed the feasibility of this method (Odetallah, et al 2003; 2005). Large one-stop companies currently in the US, Brazil and Thailand are using this program to reduce broiler feed costs. xWW China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry