According to a recently reported physicist's organization network, recently, scientists from George Washington University in the United States have demonstrated a new type of high-energy battery called "melt-air battery", which is one of the batteries with the highest storage capacity. This battery, unlike other high-energy batteries, can be recharged. Although the battery is currently operating at high temperatures, researchers are further experimenting with improving its performance in the hope that the battery will be more competitive in the field of electric vehicles and electricity storage grids. The related papers were published in the recently published "Energy and Environmental Science" magazine.

"This is the first rechargeable, melt-air battery that uses free oxygen in the air and multi-electron storage molecules to store electrical energy," said Stuart Lichter, a researcher at the university, "currently in electric vehicles and on the electric grid. There has been a practical charging of molten sulfur batteries, but not air. The mass of sulfur is twice that of oxygen, and the air does not increase the weight of the battery."

Multi-electron storage molecules store multiple electrons in one molecule, which is one of the biggest advantages of the molten air battery. This makes it more capable of storing electricity than a single electron storage molecule such as a lithium-ion battery. At present, the battery with the highest energy storage capacity, the VB2 (air boride)-air battery, can store 11 electrons per molecule, but VB2-air batteries and other high-energy batteries are not rechargeable.

Licht explained that the molten electrolyte is the key to making the battery rechargeable. The molten electrolyte is highly reactive and can "charge" the cell through a special electrolytic splitting reaction. If the iron melt-air battery discharges, the iron-oxygen mixture will generate iron oxide. Charging turns iron oxide into metallic iron and releases oxygen into the air.

Melt-air batteries combine high energy storage capabilities and rechargeable performance. The oxygen in the air is used as the cathode material without any extraneous catalyst or film. Different batteries require different electrolytes, but all are molten, and the researchers showed that the samples melted at 700 °C to 800 °C. "High temperatures for batteries are not common, but this is not an obstacle. Lower-capacity high-temperature molten electrolytic sulfur batteries have already been used in electric vehicles and have not yet found any shortcomings," Licht said.

They also compared iron, carbon and VB2 as electrolytes, with storage capacities of 10,000, 19,000 and 27,000 MWh/liter respectively. The storage capacity is affected by the number of electrons stored in each molecule: iron is 3 electrons, carbon is 4 and VB2 is 11. The lithium-air battery has only 6200 watt-hours/liter because it can only store one electron per molecule.

The combination of high electricity storage capacity and chargeability makes the melt-air battery extremely attractive for future energy storage applications. At present, researchers are improving other properties of the battery, such as studying the melting point of the lower melting electrolyte, increasing voltage and energy efficiency. Licht said: "The discharge current at the melt-air electrode is sufficient to generate high voltage. If the surface area between circulating air and molten salt is increased, the voltage can be further increased." (Chang Lijun)

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